Who is Under Nataraja's Feet? Understanding the Symbolism

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. The Figure of Nataraja
3. The Significance of Apasmara
4. Symbolism in Nataraja's Dance
5. The Representation of Cosmic Cycles
6. Cultural and Spiritual Impact
7. Step-by-Step Understanding of the Iconography
8. Conclusion

When exploring the rich tapestry of Hindu art, one cannot overlook the iconic figure of Nataraja, the dancing form of Lord Shiva. Central to this depiction is the figure lying beneath Nataraja's feet, often a subject of curiosity and interpretation.

This article delves into the identity of this figure and the symbolism it carries, offering readers a deeper understanding of Hindu art and philosophy.

The Figure of Nataraja

Nataraja, the Lord of Dance, is a symbolic representation of Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism.

In this form, he is depicted in a cosmic dance that symbolizes the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe.

This dance takes place within a ring of fire, representing the cosmic fire that destroys everything at the end of each cycle of time.

The Significance of Apasmara

Beneath the feet of Nataraja lies a small figure, known as Apasmara. This figure is crucial in understanding the symbolism of Nataraja.

Apasmara is a demon representing ignorance and spiritual forgetfulness. In Hindu philosophy, ignorance is considered the root cause of all suffering and the primary obstacle on the path to enlightenment.

Apasmara's presence serves as a constant reminder that ignorance is not destroyed but kept under control. This is symbolic of the ongoing struggle every human being faces in overcoming ignorance and achieving spiritual enlightenment. In this depiction, Lord Shiva does not kill Apasmara, as doing so would disrupt the balance, indicating that knowledge and ignorance are eternal cosmic companions.

The suppression of Apasmara under Nataraja’s foot also represents the suppression of ego and false knowledge, which are barriers to true wisdom and enlightenment.

This image is a powerful metaphor for the human journey towards understanding the transient nature of the world and the pursuit of true knowledge and self-realization.

Symbolism in Nataraja's Dance

Nataraja's dance is not just a physical expression but a symbolic act. The crushing of Apasmara under his feet signifies the triumph of knowledge over ignorance, of consciousness over unconsciousness.

It is a powerful representation of the continuous struggle between spiritual wisdom and the ignorance that binds human beings to the material world.

The Representation of Cosmic Cycles

The cyclic nature of Nataraja's dance also represents the endless cycles of creation and destruction in the universe, known as 'Samsara'. It is a reminder of the transient nature of the world and the eternal cycle of life and death.

Cultural and Spiritual Impact

The imagery of Nataraja has deeply influenced both spiritual and artistic domains in Hindu culture. It serves as a source of inspiration and a reminder of the deep philosophical concepts that form the foundation of Hindu thought.

Step-by-Step Understanding of the Iconography

1. Posture of Nataraja: Nataraja is depicted in a dynamic cosmic dance posture, known as the Ananda Tandava, meaning the 'Dance of Bliss'. This posture symbolizes the dynamic nature of the universe. His right foot is raised, signifying release and salvation, while the left foot maintains contact with the earth, symbolizing his connection with the material world.
2. Circle of Fire: Surrounding Nataraja is a circle of fire, called the Prabhamandala. This fiery halo represents the universe with all its stars and planets. The fire is symbolic of the cosmic energy that destroys in order to recreate, reminding us of the continuous cycle of creation and destruction.
3. Hand Gestures: The gestures of Nataraja's hands are significant. The upper right hand holds a drum, symbolizing creation, while the upper left hand holds fire, representing destruction. The lower right hand is in the Abhaya Mudra, a gesture of fearlessness and protection, while the lower left points towards the raised foot, guiding the soul to salvation.
4. Facial Expression: Nataraja’s face is calm and serene, depicting the transcendence of the universe’s chaotic nature. This expression represents the divine state of moksha, or liberation, that transcends the cycle of birth and death.
5. Ganga and Crescent Moon: The flowing Ganges river and the crescent moon in his hair symbolize the life-giving and sustaining aspects of nature, adding layers to the theme of creation and preservation.
6. Dwarfish Figure of Apasmara: Beneath Nataraja’s dancing feet lies Apasmara, the dwarf demon, which leads us to the significance of this figure.

Conclusion

The figure beneath Nataraja's feet, Apasmara, is a profound symbol in Hindu art and philosophy.

It represents the perpetual battle against ignorance and the journey towards enlightenment. Nataraja's dance is not just an artistic representation but a metaphor for the cosmic cycles of the universe and the eternal struggle for spiritual wisdom.

How does the symbolism of Nataraja resonate with your personal understanding of the cycles of life and the battle against ignorance?